1
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(έντονη μουσική)

2
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Είναι νωτιαία βρύση.

3
00:00:07,410 --> 00:00:10,060
Όλα έχουν εμφανιστεί λίγο πιο κοντά στο 11.

4
00:00:10,060 --> 00:00:12,850
Ο Δίας είναι τεράστιος.

5
00:00:12,850 --> 00:00:14,837
Και όλοι αγαπούν το 11.

6
00:00:14,837 --> 00:00:17,640
(δραματική μουσική)

7
00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:20,800
The great red spot, the drama of the poles,

8
00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:22,500
and all the vortices going around.

9
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Έχει αυτά τα φανταστικά στρώματα σύννεφων που περιστρέφονται.

10
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Αυτές οι καταιγίδες μαίνονται μεγαλύτερες από την ίδια τη Γη.

11
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Και μετά τα φεγγάρια!

12
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It's like a little solar system in itself.

13
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Αντί για ένα κέντρο με αστέρια με πλανήτες να περιστρέφονται γύρω του.

14
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You've got Jupiter with moons going around it.

15
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79 φεγγάρια.

16
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Τέσσερα μεγάλα.

17
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Η Ιώ, η Ευρώπη, ο Γανυμήδης και η Καλλιστώ και είναι τεράστιοι!

18
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Ο καθένας τον δικό του κόσμο από πάγο, ή βράχο ή ηφαίστειο.

19
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It's a very violent, dangerous,

20
00:00:56,310 --> 00:00:58,673
deadly place in the solar system.

21
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(δραματική μουσική)

22
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You send a spacecraft to Jupiter,

23
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you're gonna get fried really quick.

24
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(το μηχάνημα στριφογυρίζει)

25
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Μπορούμε να στείλουμε ένα διαστημόπλοιο μέσα από αυτό το περιβάλλον;

26
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The Greeks weren't wrong to make

27
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that thing the king of the gods.

28
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(δραματική μουσική)

29
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(απαλή μουσική)

30
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Juno was gonna be the first spacecraft

31
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to fly over the poles of Jupiter,

32
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and it was due to arrive on the 4th of July.

33
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(δραματική μουσική)

34
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That day I had my whole family.

35
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Πηγαίναμε στο JPL.

36
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Θυμάμαι που γύρισα στα παιδιά μου στο πίσω κάθισμα και είπα:

37
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"It might not work something bad could happen.

38
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"NASA and the country and the world

39
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"are taking a big risk here."

40
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Δεν είχαμε ιδέα πώς ήταν αυτό το πολικό περιβάλλον.

41
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We had some sense of the radiation belt.

42
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Ξέραμε ότι είναι άσχημα,

43
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πραγματικά, πολύ άσχημο.

44
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(δραματική μουσική)

45
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Το Juno είναι ένα τεθωρακισμένο τανκ,

46
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but it's nothing compared to Jupiter.

47
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So we want to be really careful.

48
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Go through quickly and get out.

49
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And so, Juno is moving really fast.

50
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It was coming in at about 150,000 miles an hour,

51
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which is like going around the Earth

52
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πέντε φορές σε δύο ώρες.

53
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Όχι επειδή είχαμε αυτό το απίστευτο σύστημα προεξοχής,

54
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but because Jupiter's gravity was sucking us in.

55
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(δραματική μουσική)

56
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Οι μηχανικοί ήλπιζαν ότι δεν θα μας έπαιρνε εντελώς.

57
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We were gonna just go really close to it.

58
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(δραματική μουσική)

59
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Αν δεν δουλέψει, τελείωσε.

60
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Σβηστά φώτα.

61
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(τα έντομα κελαηδούν)

62
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Long before Juno would make its daring attempt,

63
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scientists had begun to realize

64
00:03:03,940 --> 00:03:06,654
that it was an unusual region of space.

65
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(δραματική μουσική)

66
00:03:08,070 --> 00:03:11,980
Πίσω στο 1955, εντόπισαν εκρήξεις ραδιοεκπομπών

67
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που ερχόταν από τον Δία, και δεν ήξεραν τι ήταν.

68
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(δραματική μουσική)

69
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Είναι σαν μια γιγαντιαία μηχανή και η ποσότητα ενέργειας

70
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αυτό πρέπει να είναι απλώς το να σκέφτεσαι αυτό το πράγμα είναι καταπληκτικό.

71
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Αλλά αυτό μας είπε ότι ο Δίας έχει μαγνητικό πεδίο,

72
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και ίσως, το πιο σημαντικό, ένα πολύ δυνατό.

73
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Some planets have a dynamo inside,

74
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που σημαίνει ότι συμπεριφέρονται σαν ένας γιγάντιος περιστρεφόμενος μαγνήτης

75
00:03:37,170 --> 00:03:39,850
surrounding them with a magnetic field.

76
00:03:39,850 --> 00:03:42,050
Early on, little was known about

77
00:03:42,050 --> 00:03:44,270
what these magnetic fields could do.

78
00:03:44,270 --> 00:03:47,440
Then in 1958, an experiment

79
00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:49,900
would begin to reveal the secret.

80
00:03:49,900 --> 00:03:50,733
Στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1950,

81
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there was a huge push in America

82
00:03:53,100 --> 00:03:55,910
to have a successful satellite in orbit,

83
00:03:55,910 --> 00:04:00,020
και αναπτύχθηκε η ιδέα της αποστολής Explorer 1.

84
00:04:00,020 --> 00:04:01,700
Now the scientific payload for that mission

85
00:04:01,700 --> 00:04:04,270
was led by a person called James Van Allen,

86
00:04:04,270 --> 00:04:07,390
who had a big interest in magnetic fields

87
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and the particle environment

88
00:04:10,130 --> 00:04:13,070
that might be above our heads in space.

89
00:04:13,070 --> 00:04:14,360
(δραματική μουσική)

90
00:04:14,360 --> 00:04:17,160
One of the things that he was excited about

91
00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:20,090
was really high-energy particles,

92
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και έτσι πρότεινε ένα όργανο να βρίσκεται στον Explorer 1,

93
00:04:23,850 --> 00:04:25,433
our very first spacecraft.

94
00:04:33,630 --> 00:04:37,680
So Explorer 1 had a very simple detector system

95
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that would count particles.

96
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It was a Geiger-Muller tube,

97
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the kind of thing you look for radiation with.

98
00:04:43,660 --> 00:04:46,550
Κάνει την καταμέτρηση κλικ, κλικ, κλικ για ακτινοβολία.

99
00:04:46,550 --> 00:04:48,060
They wanted to fly this on the rocket

100
00:04:48,060 --> 00:04:50,130
to measure the radiation up in space.

101
00:04:50,130 --> 00:04:52,340
The experiment was looking for cosmic rays.

102
00:04:52,340 --> 00:04:54,860
Now cosmic rays are the radiation coming out

103
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από μακριά στον γαλαξία που εισέρχεται στο ηλιακό μας σύστημα.

104
00:04:58,590 --> 00:04:59,788
Και ανέβηκε εκεί πάνω.

105
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Μετρούν τα σωματίδια, φερμουάρ, φερμουάρ, φερμουάρ που μπαίνει μέσα.

106
00:05:02,760 --> 00:05:06,283
At some point though, the signals disappeared.

107
00:05:06,283 --> 00:05:09,200
(το μηχάνημα στριφογυρίζει)

108
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Σε συγκεκριμένα υψόμετρα,

109
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particularly around about 2,000 kilometers

110
00:05:14,850 --> 00:05:16,290
above the surface of the Earth,

111
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the count rate dropped to zero.

112
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They thought, "Ah-ha, you know what's happening.

113
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«Αυτό είναι κορεσμένο.

114
00:05:22,457 --> 00:05:24,947
"The number of particles are so high

115
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«ότι ο ανιχνευτής μόλις είπε ότι θα κλείσω».

116
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(δραματική μουσική)

117
00:05:30,920 --> 00:05:35,500
Αυτή η συνειδητοποίηση οδήγησε στην πραγματικότητα σε μια εκπληκτική ανακάλυψη.

118
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Στο διάστημα υπάρχουν περιοχές σε σχήμα ντόνατ γύρω από τη Γη

119
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όπου υπάρχουν πολλά, πολλά ηλεκτρικά φορτισμένα σωματίδια,

120
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για παράδειγμα, ηλεκτρόνια

121
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and other electrically charged particles.

122
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The radiation gets trapped into this really

123
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lethal zone around the Earth.

124
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Είναι παγιδευμένα επειδή ηλεκτρικά φορτισμένα σωματίδια

125
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feel a force from the magnetic field.

126
00:05:59,420 --> 00:06:01,260
We had discovered that the Earth's

127
00:06:01,260 --> 00:06:04,500
μαγνητικό πεδίο δημιουργεί μια φυσαλίδα γύρω από τον πλανήτη

128
00:06:04,500 --> 00:06:06,130
called a magnetosphere sphere,

129
00:06:06,130 --> 00:06:08,760
that both deflects charged particles

130
00:06:08,760 --> 00:06:10,850
and captures some as well.

131
00:06:10,850 --> 00:06:13,060
Many of these particles of radiation

132
00:06:13,060 --> 00:06:15,330
come streaming from the sun,

133
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and this is called the solar wind.

134
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Η επιστημονική ανακάλυψη είναι φανταστική αφενός,

135
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but it's also slightly worrying.

136
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Επειδή τα φορτισμένα σωματίδια υψηλής ενέργειας μπορούν να γεμίσουν μια γροθιά

137
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when they interact with materials.

138
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Ας φανταστούμε, για παράδειγμα, τις επιπτώσεις στο ανθρώπινο σώμα.

139
00:06:31,760 --> 00:06:33,950
If these particles have enough energy,

140
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they can penetrate the skin

141
00:06:35,980 --> 00:06:39,380
και αρχίζουν να παρεμβαίνουν στα κύτταρα του σώματος.

142
00:06:39,380 --> 00:06:41,430
Σε μια ακραία περίπτωση λοιπόν,

143
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μπορεί να πάθετε ασθένεια ακτινοβολίας εάν είχατε αρκετό

144
00:06:44,390 --> 00:06:46,705
high-energy particles coming into your body.

145
00:06:46,705 --> 00:06:47,980
(δραματική μουσική)

146
00:06:47,980 --> 00:06:51,490
Πρέπει να είμαστε πολύ προσεκτικοί, όχι μόνο λόγω των ανθρώπων,

147
00:06:51,490 --> 00:06:55,570
δεν θέλουμε να είναι ζημιά αλλά και τα ηλεκτρονικά.

148
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Μπορούμε λοιπόν να στείλουμε το διαστημόπλοιό μας σε μέρη όπως ο Δίας;

149
00:07:00,420 --> 00:07:03,703
Θα επιβιώσει το διαστημόπλοιό μας σε τέτοιου είδους περιβάλλοντα;

150
00:07:03,703 --> 00:07:06,453
(δραματική μουσική)

151
00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:12,240
When Van Allen discovered these incredibly

152
00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:14,270
high-energy radiation belts around the Earth,

153
00:07:14,270 --> 00:07:16,760
Νομίζω ότι ο κόσμος άρχισε να κοιτάζει τα μοντέλα

154
00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:18,750
of what would be needed at Jupiter

155
00:07:18,750 --> 00:07:21,070
to explain what was being observed?

156
00:07:21,070 --> 00:07:23,530
All of a sudden like pieces of a puzzle,

157
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the ideas started to come together.

158
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The calculations started to be made,

159
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and people were startled because Jupiter

160
00:07:29,660 --> 00:07:32,330
was so much more powerful than the Earth.

161
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Εννοώ, τη ζώνη ακτινοβολίας μας, όσο σοβαρή κι αν είναι

162
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και όσο επικίνδυνα κι αν είναι, είναι πραγματικά παιχνιδάκι

163
00:07:38,360 --> 00:07:39,360
σε σύγκριση με τον Δία.

164
00:07:41,373 --> 00:07:43,956
(απαλή μουσική)

165
00:07:53,310 --> 00:07:55,720
So the first time we left Earth

166
00:07:55,720 --> 00:07:57,880
to go out in the solar system

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πέρα από την τροχιά του Άρη, υπήρχαν μεγάλες ανησυχίες.

168
00:08:02,230 --> 00:08:05,120
Μπορούμε να στείλουμε ένα διαστημόπλοιο μέσα από αυτό το περιβάλλον;

169
00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:07,843
So we sent two Pioneer space rockets.

170
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Ήταν αρκετά χοντροκομμένα

171
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with very limited computational capabilities

172
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και πολύ περιορισμένη δύναμη και ικανότητα επικοινωνίας.

173
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So they would just make a few measurements,

174
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και μετά στείλτε τις πληροφορίες πίσω στη Γη πολύ απλά.

175
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(funky ηλεκτρονική μουσική)

176
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So when the Pioneers flew

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through the magnetosphere of Jupiter,

178
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we didn't know how big this was.

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We didn't know how large the magnetic field is,

180
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and we didn't know how it was shaped

181
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or buffeted by the solar wind.

182
00:08:46,233 --> 00:08:47,580
(δραματική μουσική)

183
00:08:47,580 --> 00:08:50,470
Pioneer 10 was due to fly past Jupiter

184
00:08:50,470 --> 00:08:53,840
on the 3rd of December 1973,

185
00:08:53,840 --> 00:08:58,195
και αυτές είναι μερικές από τις πρώτες εικόνες που έστειλε πίσω.

186
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(δραματική μουσική)

187
00:09:01,610 --> 00:09:03,800
Pioneer carried some protection,

188
00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:04,930
but it probably went a little bit

189
00:09:04,930 --> 00:09:06,560
closer than it should have.

190
00:09:06,560 --> 00:09:09,130
But it was zipping through pretty fast.

191
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Για να προσπαθήσω να αξιολογήσω πώς ήταν εκεί,

192
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Θέλω να πω, βασικά έφερε έναν μετρητή Geiger.

193
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I think, everybody was startled

194
00:09:15,690 --> 00:09:18,563
στην ποσότητα ενέργειας για την οποία μιλάμε.

195
00:09:20,170 --> 00:09:22,760
During its closest approach to Jupiter,

196
00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:26,050
Pioneer 10 absorbed 1,000 times

197
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the lethal dose of radiation for a human being.

198
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The spacecraft is collecting

199
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its worse radiation exposure.

200
00:09:33,310 --> 00:09:35,160
Tension is even greater this time

201
00:09:36,240 --> 00:09:37,951
και το ίδιο είναι η ανακούφιση.
(ο κόσμος χειροκροτεί)

202
00:09:37,951 --> 00:09:39,618
R-10, R-δύο.

203
00:09:40,682 --> 00:09:41,950
Τα κάνει όλα να αξίζει τον κόπο.

204
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Μετά από 10 χρόνια που έπρεπε να τα βάλω με όλους αυτούς τους ανθρώπους

205
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and 14 hours a day it's all worthwhile.

206
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(απαλή μουσική)

207
00:09:49,900 --> 00:09:53,630
And so, after the Pioneers we knew the extent

208
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of the Jovian magnetosphere, and it is enormous.

209
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(δραματική μουσική)

210
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If we could see it in the night sky

211
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with Jupiter sitting rather far away from us,

212
00:10:09,030 --> 00:10:12,933
θα εξακολουθούσε να είναι περίπου πέντε φορές μεγαλύτερο από το φεγγάρι.

213
00:10:14,700 --> 00:10:17,820
I always wished it could be like a light purple

214
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ταξιδεύοντας στον ουρανό, και θα ήταν απλώς τεράστιο.

215
00:10:21,370 --> 00:10:24,370
The solar wind that hits that magnetic field

216
00:10:24,370 --> 00:10:29,370
shapes it like a comet and produces a long tail.

217
00:10:29,430 --> 00:10:33,694
The tail stretches all the way to Saturn.

218
00:10:33,694 --> 00:10:36,444
(δραματική μουσική)

219
00:10:37,660 --> 00:10:41,260
Ο πρωταρχικός σκοπός εκείνων των Πρωτοπόρους ήταν πραγματικά να πουν

220
00:10:41,260 --> 00:10:44,400
can we survive this lethal dose of radiation,

221
00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:46,820
so then we can follow with more sophisticated

222
00:10:46,820 --> 00:10:49,748
όργανα που μπορούν να κάνουν πολλές ενδιαφέρουσες επιστήμες.

223
00:10:49,748 --> 00:10:52,748
(ζωντανή μουσική ντραμς)

224
00:10:56,150 --> 00:10:58,880
I was lucky to start working on Voyager

225
00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:01,050
as a graduate student at MIT.

226
00:11:01,050 --> 00:11:03,173
It was the first project that I worked on.

227
00:11:04,680 --> 00:11:08,270
Ήρθα ακριβώς τη στιγμή που ετοιμαζόμασταν να εκτοξεύσουμε το διαστημόπλοιο

228
00:11:08,270 --> 00:11:10,163
on its way out first to Jupiter.

229
00:11:11,433 --> 00:11:13,870
I got a job as an undergraduate assistant

230
00:11:13,870 --> 00:11:15,270
στην ομάδα απεικόνισης.

231
00:11:15,270 --> 00:11:17,783
Ήταν μια συγκλονιστική εμπειρία με πάρα πολλούς τρόπους.

232
00:11:18,980 --> 00:11:20,687
We had the Voyager spacecraft down

233
00:11:20,687 --> 00:11:22,630
at the Cape ready to launch.

234
00:11:22,630 --> 00:11:25,920
It was the Pioneer data that made us realize

235
00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:28,300
ότι η ανοχή ακτινοβολίας που είχαμε σχεδιάσει

236
00:11:28,300 --> 00:11:31,430
στο διαστημόπλοιο Voyager δεν θα ήταν επαρκής

237
00:11:31,430 --> 00:11:35,130
για το περιβάλλον που είχαν αισθανθεί τα Pioneer 10 και 11.

238
00:11:35,130 --> 00:11:37,130
It threw us into a real turmoil

239
00:11:37,130 --> 00:11:38,977
of trying to recover from that.

240
00:11:38,977 --> 00:11:40,620
(funky μουσική για κιθάρα)

241
00:11:40,620 --> 00:11:43,020
By the time we got to the Voyager spacecraft,

242
00:11:43,020 --> 00:11:45,570
Ήμασταν ήδη τόσο φοβισμένοι και τρομοκρατημένοι από τον Δία

243
00:11:45,570 --> 00:11:47,620
that we started to move away from it.

244
00:11:47,620 --> 00:11:48,970
We didn't wanna get so close

245
00:11:48,970 --> 00:11:51,320
because we knew if you got close,

246
00:11:51,320 --> 00:11:53,410
μάλλον γράφεις το τέλος του διαστημικού σκάφους.

247
00:11:53,410 --> 00:11:56,520
Πρέπει λοιπόν να μείνετε μακριά και να σεβαστείτε αυτό το θηρίο.

248
00:11:56,520 --> 00:11:59,793
Αυτό το τέρας είναι πολύ πιο δυνατό από εμάς.

249
00:12:02,040 --> 00:12:05,520
Ακόμη και με ένα πολύ μικρό τηλεσκόπιο από την αυλή σας,

250
00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:08,200
μπορείτε να κοιτάξετε ψηλά και να δείτε τον Δία μια καθαρή νύχτα,

251
00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:10,340
and you can see the belts and zones.

252
00:12:10,340 --> 00:12:12,263
You can see the red spot.

253
00:12:12,263 --> 00:12:14,980
(funky αισιόδοξη μουσική)

254
00:12:14,980 --> 00:12:17,690
Όμως ο Voyager είδε από κοντά

255
00:12:17,690 --> 00:12:20,510
and making a movie as it approached.

256
00:12:20,510 --> 00:12:23,593
(funky αισιόδοξη μουσική)

257
00:12:24,720 --> 00:12:25,790
It was really like you were

258
00:12:25,790 --> 00:12:27,840
on the spacecraft looking out the window.

259
00:12:29,560 --> 00:12:32,010
You could see these belts and zones,

260
00:12:32,010 --> 00:12:34,420
east, west winds going back and forth,

261
00:12:34,420 --> 00:12:36,890
and the great red spot being caught up

262
00:12:36,890 --> 00:12:39,170
in those belts and zones.

263
00:12:39,170 --> 00:12:42,010
So the weather system was becoming clear.

264
00:12:42,010 --> 00:12:44,570
As we flew by, we could get a real sense

265
00:12:44,570 --> 00:12:47,660
of how this dynamic atmosphere was working.

266
00:12:55,037 --> 00:12:56,020
(απαλή μουσική)

267
00:12:56,020 --> 00:12:58,730
As we come in for a close view of Jupiter,

268
00:12:58,730 --> 00:13:01,640
you'll see clouds orbiting around the planet

269
00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:04,940
σε διαφορετικούς ρυθμούς, με διαφορετικές ζώνες πάχους,

270
00:13:04,940 --> 00:13:07,130
and these are called the jets.

271
00:13:07,130 --> 00:13:10,470
Αυτοί οι πίδακες περιφέρονται σε γραμμές γεωγραφικού πλάτους, εμπρός και πίσω,

272
00:13:10,470 --> 00:13:13,920
άλλα πιο γρήγορα από τον πλανήτη, άλλα πιο αργά από τον πλανήτη,

273
00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:16,060
and so if you were living on the planet,

274
00:13:16,060 --> 00:13:19,500
θα υπήρχαν αυτές οι τεράστιες διαφάνειες σε διαφορετικά γεωγραφικά πλάτη

275
00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:23,460
καθώς αυτοί πολεμούν μπρος-πίσω προς διαφορετικές κατευθύνσεις.

276
00:13:23,460 --> 00:13:26,310
Finding out what causes this wild weather

277
00:13:26,310 --> 00:13:29,250
became a key scientific objective.

278
00:13:29,250 --> 00:13:32,900
On Jupiter the affects of planetary rotation

279
00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:34,850
are incredibly important, why?

280
00:13:34,850 --> 00:13:37,560
Well, the strength of the rotational forces

281
00:13:37,560 --> 00:13:40,060
depends on how fast the system rotates,

282
00:13:40,060 --> 00:13:43,180
and it also depends on how big the system is,

283
00:13:43,180 --> 00:13:44,773
και ο Δίας είναι τεράστιος.

284
00:13:45,630 --> 00:13:50,030
Jupiter has a diameter of a 140,000 kilometers

285
00:13:50,030 --> 00:13:52,680
and it was discovered that the planets rotates

286
00:13:52,680 --> 00:13:55,333
at about 40,000 kilometers per hour.

287
00:13:56,389 --> 00:13:59,119
So this body is just completely flying.

288
00:13:59,119 --> 00:14:00,960
If you think of the whole planet as a gyroscope,

289
00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:03,660
it would be a very big, very fast gyroscope.

290
00:14:03,660 --> 00:14:06,430
Those gyroscopic effects dominate

291
00:14:06,430 --> 00:14:08,203
many of the dynamics we observed.

292
00:14:09,570 --> 00:14:13,010
Χρησιμοποιούμε αυτό το demo για να εξηγήσουμε τη μεγάλη κόκκινη κηλίδα του Δία,

293
00:14:13,010 --> 00:14:15,130
που είναι ένα πραγματικά ενδιαφέρον φαινόμενο

294
00:14:15,130 --> 00:14:17,390
που έχουμε παρατηρήσει για περισσότερα από 200 χρόνια,

295
00:14:17,390 --> 00:14:19,950
και πιστεύουμε ότι υπάρχει περισσότερο από αυτό.

296
00:14:19,950 --> 00:14:22,110
Είναι, ουσιαστικά, ένας τεράστιος τυφώνας

297
00:14:22,110 --> 00:14:25,350
είναι περίπου 1,3 φορές το μέγεθος της Γης.

298
00:14:25,350 --> 00:14:26,910
Σε αυτό το πείραμα που εξετάζετε

299
00:14:26,910 --> 00:14:30,400
ένα απλοποιημένο ανάλογο της επιφάνειας ενός γίγαντα αερίου.

300
00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:32,330
Το στρώμα του σύννεφου είναι μόνο για

301
00:14:32,330 --> 00:14:35,930
πέντε ή έξι εκατοστά βάθος και ένα μέτρο πλάτος,

302
00:14:35,930 --> 00:14:38,750
και πλαστογραφήσαμε τη φωτοχημεία με

303
00:14:38,750 --> 00:14:41,198
ψεκάζονται σε χρωστικές τροφίμων.

304
00:14:41,198 --> 00:14:42,610
(funky αισιόδοξη μουσική)

305
00:14:42,610 --> 00:14:45,150
Άρα ο Δίας είναι πολύ έντονα περιστρεφόμενο σώμα,

306
00:14:45,150 --> 00:14:47,550
αλλά έχει και πολλές δυνατές αναταράξεις.

307
00:14:47,550 --> 00:14:49,590
Η μεγάλη κόκκινη κηλίδα έχει σχηματιστεί

308
00:14:49,590 --> 00:14:52,490
από αυτή την ταχέως περιστρεφόμενη αναταραχή.

309
00:14:52,490 --> 00:14:55,100
Αντί να έχουμε τις τεράστιες αναταράξεις

310
00:14:55,100 --> 00:14:57,070
αυτό συμβαίνει φυσικά στον Δία

311
00:14:57,070 --> 00:15:00,637
με το χέρι του Θεού, ανακατεύουμε λίγο.

312
00:15:02,810 --> 00:15:04,930
Ως σύννεφο αερίου ή υγρού

313
00:15:04,930 --> 00:15:07,480
κινείται σε μια περιστρεφόμενη επιφάνεια,

314
00:15:07,480 --> 00:15:11,360
η διαδρομή του αρχίζει να καμπυλώνεται μαζί με την περιστροφή.

315
00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:13,590
Αυτό ονομάζεται φαινόμενο Coriolis,

316
00:15:13,590 --> 00:15:17,540
και είναι αυτό που περιστρέφει τυφώνες και τυφώνες εδώ στη Γη.

317
00:15:17,540 --> 00:15:21,460
Αλλά επειδή ο Δίας είναι τόσο μεγάλος και γυρίζει τόσο γρήγορα,

318
00:15:21,460 --> 00:15:23,773
Ο καιρός του είναι πολύ πιο ακραίος.

319
00:15:24,920 --> 00:15:26,870
Η επίδραση της δύναμης Coriolis

320
00:15:26,870 --> 00:15:28,800
παρουσία αναταράξεων

321
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:31,100
ενεργεί για τη δημιουργία δομών μεγάλης κλίμακας,

322
00:15:31,100 --> 00:15:33,493
σαν τη μεγάλη κόκκινη κηλίδα, και επιμένουν.

323
00:15:34,540 --> 00:15:37,380
Αλλά τώρα αυτό που βλέπετε στη δεξαμενή

324
00:15:37,380 --> 00:15:41,560
είναι ο σχηματισμός αυτών των όμορφων δίνων.

325
00:15:41,560 --> 00:15:44,400
Μπορείτε να δείτε ότι όλα αυτά τα νήματα τα συνδέουν.

326
00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:46,530
Αυτό παίρνετε στα περιστρεφόμενα συστήματα.

327
00:15:46,530 --> 00:15:48,920
Φυσιολογικά, ρυθμίζετε τα πράγματα

328
00:15:48,920 --> 00:15:51,735
σε μεγάλες κατακόρυφες κατασκευές.

329
00:15:51,735 --> 00:15:54,040
(funky αισιόδοξη μουσική)

330
00:15:54,040 --> 00:15:55,560
Ζουν πολύ, πολύ καιρό

331
00:15:55,560 --> 00:15:57,743
όταν το σύστημα περιστρέφεται γρήγορα.

332
00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:10,270
Αν ο πλανήτης σταματούσε να περιστρέφεται,

333
00:16:10,270 --> 00:16:11,870
αυτή η οργάνωση θα είχε φύγει.

334
00:16:18,002 --> 00:16:20,240
(δραματική μουσική)

335
00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:22,110
Τα διαστημόπλοια Voyager δεν ήταν

336
00:16:22,110 --> 00:16:26,150
απλά επισκέφτηκε τον Δία για να εξετάσει τον πλανήτη.

337
00:16:26,150 --> 00:16:30,400
Τα τέσσερα γιγάντια φεγγάρια του Γαλιλαίου ήταν ένας βασικός στόχος,

338
00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:34,261
και τίποτα περισσότερο από το μυστηριώδες φεγγάρι Ιώ.

339
00:16:34,261 --> 00:16:37,011
(δραματική μουσική)

340
00:16:39,620 --> 00:16:41,030
Καθώς μπαίναμε,

341
00:16:41,030 --> 00:16:43,147
το υπεριώδες όργανο έλεγε,

342
00:16:43,147 --> 00:16:44,717
«Ουάου, αυτό είναι φωτεινό.

343
00:16:44,717 --> 00:16:48,657
«Ουάου, υπάρχει πολύ αέριο γύρω από αυτό το περιβάλλον κοντά στην Ιο.

344
00:16:48,657 --> 00:16:50,458
«Καλύτερα να προσέχεις».

345
00:16:50,458 --> 00:16:51,400
(δραματική μουσική)

346
00:16:51,400 --> 00:16:55,723
Το Voyager πέταξε και το είδαμε καλυμμένο με ηφαίστεια.

347
00:16:57,890 --> 00:17:01,040
Είδαμε αέρια να εκτοξεύονται

348
00:17:01,040 --> 00:17:03,863
εκατοντάδες χιλιόμετρα ψηλά στον ουρανό,

349
00:17:08,240 --> 00:17:11,830
και έτσι τώρα αρχίσαμε να βρίσκουμε νόημα τι συνέβαινε.

350
00:17:11,830 --> 00:17:14,640
Ότι αυτά τα ηφαίστεια έβγαζαν αέρια

351
00:17:14,640 --> 00:17:16,403
περίπου έναν τόνο κάθε δευτερόλεπτο.

352
00:17:17,930 --> 00:17:21,490
Αυτά τα αέρια παγιδεύονταν στο μαγνητικό πεδίο

353
00:17:21,490 --> 00:17:24,400
για να φτιάξετε αυτό το ντόνατ από σωματίδια φορτίου.

354
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:27,440
Επιταχύνονται σε πολύ υψηλές ενέργειες.

355
00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:29,320
(δραματική μουσική)

356
00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:32,620
Most of them go out to fill a big volume.

357
00:17:32,620 --> 00:17:35,190
Μερικοί από αυτούς μπαίνουν και καθώς μπαίνουν μέσα,

358
00:17:35,190 --> 00:17:37,090
πηγαίνουν σε ακόμη υψηλότερες ενέργειες

359
00:17:37,090 --> 00:17:40,960
και σχηματίζουν αυτό το πολύ σφιχτό περιβάλλον κοντά στον Δία,

360
00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:43,940
αυτό το θανατηφόρο περιβάλλον ακτινοβολίας.

361
00:17:43,940 --> 00:17:46,400
Αυτή η εσωτερική περιοχή είναι πολύ ανάλογη

362
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:48,860
στη ζώνη Van Allen της Γης

363
00:17:48,860 --> 00:17:52,023
αλλά πολλές φορές πιο δυνατή και πιο άσχημη.

364
00:17:54,360 --> 00:17:56,353
Η ακτινοβολία υποβάθρου εδώ στη Γη

365
00:17:56,353 --> 00:17:59,320
that we're exposed to is about a third of a rad.

366
00:17:59,320 --> 00:18:03,723
Στον Δία, το περιβάλλον ακτινοβολίας είναι 20 εκατομμύρια rad.

367
00:18:06,170 --> 00:18:08,760
Γνωρίζαμε την Ιώ, την Ευρώπη, τον Γανυμήδη

368
00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:10,550
βρίσκονται σε αυτές τις τροχιακές κατοικίες

369
00:18:10,550 --> 00:18:13,120
όπου η Ιώ τριγυρνά τέσσερις φορές

370
00:18:13,120 --> 00:18:15,183
για κάθε δύο φορές και μία φορά

371
00:18:15,183 --> 00:18:16,820
που οι άλλοι κυκλοφορούν.

372
00:18:16,820 --> 00:18:18,310
Οι τροχιές είναι ελλειπτικές,

373
00:18:18,310 --> 00:18:22,120
και έτσι όταν η Ιώ ήταν κοντά στον Δία, τον σφίγγει.

374
00:18:22,120 --> 00:18:25,810
Όταν είναι πιο μακριά από τον Δία, η συμπίεση είναι μικρότερη,

375
00:18:25,810 --> 00:18:29,040
και έτσι κυριολεκτικά κοιτάς την Ιώ να πάει έτσι.

376
00:18:29,040 --> 00:18:31,423
Αυτή η ζέστη πρέπει να πάει κάπου.

377
00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:36,290
Είχε δημοσιευτεί ένα άρθρο στο περιοδικό Science

378
00:18:36,290 --> 00:18:39,830
που είχε βγει την εβδομάδα πριν φτάσει εκεί το Voyager

379
00:18:39,830 --> 00:18:42,975
πρόβλεψη ηφαιστείων στην Ιώ λόγω αυτής της παλιρροιακής κάμψης.

380
00:18:42,975 --> 00:18:44,050
(δραματική μουσική)

381
00:18:44,050 --> 00:18:48,601
Όμως, δεν περιμέναμε αυτό που είδαμε με το Voyager.

382
00:18:48,601 --> 00:18:53,601
(μπιπ της μηχανής)
(απαλή μουσική)

383
00:18:53,720 --> 00:18:57,000
Όλοι νόμιζαν ότι το Io ήταν το ωραίο τακτοποιημένο

384
00:18:57,000 --> 00:18:59,584
και οι άλλοι ήταν εντάξει.

385
00:18:59,584 --> 00:19:02,167
(απαλή μουσική)

386
00:19:04,320 --> 00:19:06,020
Ξέραμε ότι υπήρχε κάτι περίεργο στην Ευρώπη.

387
00:19:06,020 --> 00:19:08,600
Ήταν φωτεινό και ίσως είχε αυτά τα περίεργα σημάδια,

388
00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:11,135
αλλά δεν μπορούσες να τα δεις πριν.

389
00:19:11,135 --> 00:19:14,100
(απαλή μουσική)

390
00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:15,747
Τότε ξαφνικά είναι εκεί,

391
00:19:15,747 --> 00:19:18,260
και αυτή η πρώτη εικόνα εμφανίζεται στην οθόνη.

392
00:19:18,260 --> 00:19:20,230
Η Ευρώπη έχει όλες αυτές τις ρωγμές στον πάγο

393
00:19:20,230 --> 00:19:22,080
και αυτές οι γραμμές περνούν απέναντι.

394
00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:23,420
Θα είναι δύο.

395
00:19:23,420 --> 00:19:24,810
Η Ιώ και η Ευρώπη είναι δίδυμος.

396
00:19:24,810 --> 00:19:27,330
Εκείνη τη στιγμή ήταν σαν να.

397
00:19:27,330 --> 00:19:28,885
Τι σημαίνει αυτό;

398
00:19:28,885 --> 00:19:31,420
(απαλή μουσική)

399
00:19:31,420 --> 00:19:33,260
Ως σώμα χωρίς αέρα, κάπως περιμένουμε

400
00:19:33,260 --> 00:19:35,390
πράγματα που πρέπει να βομβαρδίζονται συνέχεια, οπότε καταλήγεις

401
00:19:35,390 --> 00:19:37,770
με μια επιφάνεια γεμάτη κρατήρες σαν το φεγγάρι μας.

402
00:19:37,770 --> 00:19:40,003
What about the relief in the cracks?

403
00:19:40,003 --> 00:19:42,760
Επειδή ο ρυθμός σχηματισμού κρατήρων σε όλο το ηλιακό σύστημα

404
00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:45,390
is relatively well understood,

405
00:19:45,390 --> 00:19:48,740
the fact that Europa has so few craters

406
00:19:48,740 --> 00:19:51,950
είναι πολύ συνεπής με το ότι έχει νεαρή επιφάνεια,

407
00:19:51,950 --> 00:19:55,103
με επιφάνεια που έχει αναδυθεί γεωλογικά.

408
00:19:56,030 --> 00:19:57,600
Carl Sagan who was there in the room

409
00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:00,237
he said, "Ah, Percival Lowell was right.

410
00:20:00,237 --> 00:20:03,991
"Only the canals are on Europa not Mars."

411
00:20:03,991 --> 00:20:05,380
Now this is something we keep discovering

412
00:20:05,380 --> 00:20:06,720
στην πλανητική επιστήμη.

413
00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:08,370
We thought the moons of Jupiter would be

414
00:20:08,370 --> 00:20:10,140
all dead and boring, and they're not

415
00:20:10,140 --> 00:20:12,600
γιατί υπάρχει μια μυστηριώδης άγνωστη πηγή ενέργειας.

416
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,710
(οι επιστήμονες συζητούν)

417
00:20:15,710 --> 00:20:17,587
It's like, "Oh, wow, there's more going on here

418
00:20:17,587 --> 00:20:20,137
«από ό,τι πιστεύαμε με τις υποθέσεις μας που βασίζονται στη Γη».

419
00:20:27,084 --> 00:20:28,630
(αισιόδοξη μουσική)

420
00:20:28,630 --> 00:20:32,710
The Voyager observations were so spectacular,

421
00:20:32,710 --> 00:20:34,670
the dynamics of the atmosphere,

422
00:20:34,670 --> 00:20:37,580
τα διάφορα είδη φεγγαριών και τι συνέβαινε.

423
00:20:37,580 --> 00:20:39,840
Everybody said we gotta go back.

424
00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:42,370
But this time we have to go back and stay.

425
00:20:42,370 --> 00:20:44,220
With Voyager we had a couple of

426
00:20:44,220 --> 00:20:46,470
very short fleeting flybys.

427
00:20:46,470 --> 00:20:48,410
Like just whizzing some pictures

428
00:20:48,410 --> 00:20:50,460
out your car window as you drive by,

429
00:20:50,460 --> 00:20:52,100
as opposed to actually stopping,

430
00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:55,160
getting out of the car and exploring.

431
00:20:55,160 --> 00:20:58,320
Πρέπει να πάμε σε τροχιά να στείλουμε έναν ανιχνευτή στην ατμόσφαιρα.

432
00:20:58,320 --> 00:21:00,150
Find out what it's like inside.

433
00:21:00,150 --> 00:21:01,440
Περάστε όλα τα φεγγάρια

434
00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:03,381
and look at them in different directions.

435
00:21:03,381 --> 00:21:04,670
(αισιόδοξη μουσική)

436
00:21:04,670 --> 00:21:06,450
Before the Voyagers had Jupiter

437
00:21:06,450 --> 00:21:08,150
in their rear view mirrors,

438
00:21:08,150 --> 00:21:11,440
Η NASA κατασκεύαζε ένα διαστημόπλοιο που σκόπευε

439
00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:14,630
to go into orbit around the giant planet.

440
00:21:14,630 --> 00:21:16,843
The mission was called Galileo.

441
00:21:18,550 --> 00:21:21,620
Ο Galileo είχε ένα καλό ξεκίνημα από την αρχή

442
00:21:21,620 --> 00:21:24,430
για το πώς ακριβώς επρόκειτο να φτάσει στον Δία.

443
00:21:24,430 --> 00:21:26,190
Galileo was scheduled to launch

444
00:21:26,190 --> 00:21:30,280
in January 1982 onboard the space shuttle.

445
00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:35,280
Η ημερομηνία κυκλοφορίας πέφτει στο '84, μετά στο '85 και μετά στο '86,

446
00:21:35,440 --> 00:21:38,250
and then the whole shuttle program

447
00:21:38,250 --> 00:21:40,272
suffered a terrible tragedy.

448
00:21:40,272 --> 00:21:43,030
(θλιβερή μουσική)

449
00:21:43,030 --> 00:21:44,900
The spacecraft was down at the Cape.

450
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:46,660
I can remember looking out the window

451
00:21:46,660 --> 00:21:48,050
της έναρξης του Challenge.

452
00:21:48,050 --> 00:21:49,950
Challenge go with throttle up.

453
00:21:52,350 --> 00:21:54,820
Η σημασία αυτού, φυσικά, η απώλεια ζωής

454
00:21:54,820 --> 00:21:57,220
and a disruption of the whole program,

455
00:21:57,220 --> 00:22:00,660
but to us was we didn't have a launch vehicle.

456
00:22:00,660 --> 00:22:02,550
And so, we packed up our spacecraft

457
00:22:02,550 --> 00:22:04,480
and took it back to California

458
00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:06,083
trying to figure out what to do.

459
00:22:07,500 --> 00:22:09,630
Not only was the launch delayed,

460
00:22:09,630 --> 00:22:11,070
αλλά μετά το ατύχημα,

461
00:22:11,070 --> 00:22:14,630
NASA was understandably more risk averse.

462
00:22:14,630 --> 00:22:17,120
The liquid hydrogen fueled rocket booster,

463
00:22:17,120 --> 00:22:19,050
which was originally planned to deliver

464
00:22:19,050 --> 00:22:21,910
the Galileo mission directly to Jupiter,

465
00:22:21,910 --> 00:22:24,260
was no longer deemed safe enough.

466
00:22:24,260 --> 00:22:25,560
It was no longer possible

467
00:22:25,560 --> 00:22:28,313
to take Galileo straight up to Jupiter,

468
00:22:28,313 --> 00:22:29,990
and that's where the mission designers here

469
00:22:29,990 --> 00:22:31,210
pulled a rabbit out of the hat

470
00:22:31,210 --> 00:22:33,120
and found the so-called VEEGA,

471
00:22:33,120 --> 00:22:35,410
Venus Earth Earth Gravity Assist trajectory

472
00:22:35,410 --> 00:22:37,469
that took another five years to get there.

473
00:22:37,469 --> 00:22:39,780
(πλήθος χειροκροτεί)

474
00:22:39,780 --> 00:22:41,910
We have a go from main engine start.

475
00:22:41,910 --> 00:22:46,570
Six, five, four, three, two, one.

476
00:22:47,673 --> 00:22:50,750
We have ignition and lift off of Atlantis

477
00:22:50,750 --> 00:22:53,926
and the Galileo spacecraft bound for Jupiter.

478
00:22:53,926 --> 00:22:55,606
(απαλή μουσική)

479
00:22:55,606 --> 00:22:58,773
(αστροναύτες συνομιλούν)

480
00:23:04,580 --> 00:23:06,930
Galileo is on its way to another world.

481
00:23:08,210 --> 00:23:09,570
Πετάξτε με ασφάλεια.

482
00:23:09,570 --> 00:23:10,960
Μετά την πρώτη πτήση,

483
00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:14,170
we knew we would be far enough away from the sun

484
00:23:14,170 --> 00:23:16,697
ότι θα μπορούσαμε πραγματικά να αρχίσουμε να χρησιμοποιούμε την κεραία υψηλής απολαβής.

485
00:23:16,697 --> 00:23:18,978
(απαλή μουσική)

486
00:23:18,978 --> 00:23:20,250
Ήταν σαν ομπρέλα.

487
00:23:20,250 --> 00:23:22,160
You imagine an umbrella being folded up.

488
00:23:22,160 --> 00:23:23,800
Μετά όταν ήρθε η ώρα

489
00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:25,720
when the spacecraft would fire a device,

490
00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:27,910
and then the antenna could unfold.

491
00:23:27,910 --> 00:23:31,690
So we accentuated the motor to free the antenna

492
00:23:32,890 --> 00:23:34,281
και κόλλησε.

493
00:23:34,281 --> 00:23:36,860
(φωτεινή μουσική)

494
00:23:36,860 --> 00:23:39,300
Αν φαντάζεστε.
(imitates machine whirring)

495
00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:42,431
Σταμάτησε μόνο εν μέρει αναπτύσσοντας μέρος της κεραίας.

496
00:23:42,431 --> 00:23:43,750
(φωτεινή μουσική φλάουτου)

497
00:23:43,750 --> 00:23:45,053
The motor doesn't reverse.

498
00:23:47,130 --> 00:23:49,930
Μπορούσαμε να πούμε ότι η κεραία είχε αναπτυχθεί λίγο

499
00:23:49,930 --> 00:23:52,830
επειδή η περιστροφή του διαστημικού σκάφους δεν ήταν ακριβώς η ίδια.

500
00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:54,380
Είναι σαν να βγάζεις το ένα χέρι και γυρνάς

501
00:23:54,380 --> 00:23:56,350
you start to do this a little bit.

502
00:23:56,350 --> 00:23:57,370
Well, the antenna was doing that a little bit.

503
00:23:57,370 --> 00:23:59,340
So we knew it opened some.

504
00:23:59,340 --> 00:24:00,490
Γιατί λοιπόν δεν άνοιξε;

505
00:24:00,490 --> 00:24:03,000
Λοιπόν, καταλαβαίνουμε τώρα ότι ο λόγος που δεν άνοιξε

506
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:05,440
was because of the combination of the fact that

507
00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:07,933
the antenna had remained stowed for so long,

508
00:24:09,454 --> 00:24:10,523
and the fact that it went in

509
00:24:10,523 --> 00:24:12,810
from two vibrations environments.

510
00:24:12,810 --> 00:24:16,370
Κάποτε, όταν κλειδώσαμε αυτό το διαστημόπλοιο στην Καλιφόρνια,

511
00:24:16,370 --> 00:24:18,520
trucked it down the Kennedy.

512
00:24:18,520 --> 00:24:19,680
Ο Challenger δεν λειτούργησε.

513
00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:20,760
Put it back in the truck.

514
00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:22,510
Trucked it back to Pasadena.

515
00:24:22,510 --> 00:24:23,897
Said, "Let's not mess with that antenna.

516
00:24:23,897 --> 00:24:25,317
"It was all put together right.

517
00:24:25,317 --> 00:24:27,220
"We'll just leave it the way it was."

518
00:24:27,220 --> 00:24:28,160
Πίσω στο Ακρωτήρι ξανά.

519
00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:30,450
So it made three trips across the Cape

520
00:24:30,450 --> 00:24:32,767
in a truck which was vibrating the whole time.

521
00:24:32,767 --> 00:24:34,766
(φωτεινή μουσική)

522
00:24:34,766 --> 00:24:35,940
And so, we did a lot of things.

523
00:24:35,940 --> 00:24:38,870
Δουλέψαμε για τη βαθμονόμηση πόσο μακριά ήταν ανοιχτή η κεραία.

524
00:24:38,870 --> 00:24:40,670
Could we use it the way it was,

525
00:24:40,670 --> 00:24:43,070
and could we do the cold turns to free it up

526
00:24:43,070 --> 00:24:44,550
and see if anything springs free?

527
00:24:44,550 --> 00:24:47,460
We'd know again by seeing the spin rates change

528
00:24:47,460 --> 00:24:48,790
αν κάτι απελευθερώθηκε.

529
00:24:48,790 --> 00:24:51,803
Έτσι περάσαμε μερικά χρόνια δουλεύοντας σε αυτά τα πράγματα.

530
00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:54,350
Το JPL δεν πήρε ποτέ

531
00:24:54,350 --> 00:24:56,170
the high-gain antenna to open.

532
00:24:57,870 --> 00:24:59,400
Our capability at Jupiter

533
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:00,830
with an antenna that hadn't opened

534
00:25:00,830 --> 00:25:04,940
θα εξαρτιόταν από μια ενιαία κεραία χαμηλής απολαβής.

535
00:25:04,940 --> 00:25:06,770
That just meant we had to transmit

536
00:25:06,770 --> 00:25:09,040
a lot fewer picture over the same time.

537
00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,940
But, overall reduction and mission return

538
00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:15,195
was large but not disastrous.

539
00:25:15,195 --> 00:25:17,945
(δραματική μουσική)

540
00:25:19,460 --> 00:25:23,320
Το διαστημόπλοιο Galileo μετέφερε μαζί του έναν ανιχνευτή.

541
00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:25,470
It's sort of like this size.

542
00:25:25,470 --> 00:25:28,153
Είχε μια μεγάλη θερμική ασπίδα για να το προστατεύει γύρω του.

543
00:25:29,380 --> 00:25:33,150
In July 1995, we launched that probe

544
00:25:33,150 --> 00:25:35,067
και το έστειλε προς την κατεύθυνση του Δία.

545
00:25:35,067 --> 00:25:36,320
Now it didn't have engines,

546
00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:39,230
so we weren't guiding it and saying go there.

547
00:25:39,230 --> 00:25:42,383
Απλώς το στείλαμε σε μια τροχιά προς τον Δία.

548
00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:47,720
Five months later on the 7th of December 1995,

549
00:25:47,720 --> 00:25:51,452
the Galileo probe was due to arrive at Jupiter.

550
00:25:51,452 --> 00:25:54,590
(δραματική μουσική)

551
00:25:54,590 --> 00:25:57,950
There were no cameras onboard only censors

552
00:25:57,950 --> 00:25:59,740
και μια μικρή έρευνα που θα είχε

553
00:25:59,740 --> 00:26:02,803
μια εξαιρετικά βίαιη εισαγωγή στον Δία.

554
00:26:04,272 --> 00:26:06,370
It was coming in at something like

555
00:26:06,370 --> 00:26:09,879
130.000 μίλια την ώρα

556
00:26:09,879 --> 00:26:12,120
επειδή τραβήχτηκε από τη βαρύτητα του Δία,

557
00:26:12,120 --> 00:26:13,753
και έπρεπε να το επιβραδύνουμε.

558
00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:18,950
This heat shield heated up to about three times

559
00:26:18,950 --> 00:26:21,028
the temperature of the surface of the Sun.

560
00:26:21,028 --> 00:26:24,320
(δραματική μουσική)

561
00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:26,610
During its maximum deceleration

562
00:26:26,610 --> 00:26:31,220
the probe endured forces of 228-Gs.

563
00:26:31,220 --> 00:26:33,993
Then eventually we kicked off that heat shield,

564
00:26:35,110 --> 00:26:36,743
βάλτε μερικά αλεξίπτωτα,

565
00:26:39,030 --> 00:26:40,540
και έτσι όπως κατέβηκε,

566
00:26:40,540 --> 00:26:43,850
we were able to get a sense of what it was like.

567
00:26:45,468 --> 00:26:50,027
Αυτό που περιμέναμε ήταν τρία ξεχωριστά στρώματα νεφών.

568
00:26:50,027 --> 00:26:52,777
(δραματική μουσική)

569
00:26:54,506 --> 00:26:57,317
Και κατεβήκαμε ήταν σαν, «Πού είναι τα σύννεφα;

570
00:26:57,317 --> 00:26:58,150
«Πού είναι τα σύννεφα;

571
00:26:58,150 --> 00:27:01,080
"We're not seeing the clouds what's going on?"

572
00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:03,553
Έτσι όλοι ήταν εντελώς μπερδεμένοι.

573
00:27:04,430 --> 00:27:07,270
Well, the hint came from the ground.

574
00:27:07,270 --> 00:27:10,120
Telescopes on Earth were looking in the infrared

575
00:27:10,120 --> 00:27:12,830
στον Δία την ίδια στιγμή στείλαμε τον καθετήρα.

576
00:27:12,830 --> 00:27:17,010
We realized that the probe went into a hot spot

577
00:27:17,010 --> 00:27:19,393
κάπου όπου έχει πολύ λίγο νερό.

578
00:27:20,490 --> 00:27:22,920
I think, we realize that our whole idea

579
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:25,550
εξερεύνησης αυτών των πλανητών με μεμονωμένους ανιχνευτές

580
00:27:25,550 --> 00:27:28,450
είναι λίγο επιρρεπής στο να πάει σε λάθος μέρος.

581
00:27:29,750 --> 00:27:34,530
Μέχρι τη στιγμή που το σκάφος είχε φτάσει σε περίπου 160 χιλιόμετρα

582
00:27:34,530 --> 00:27:37,360
κάτι σαν 23 φορές την ατμοσφαιρική πίεση,

583
00:27:37,360 --> 00:27:40,310
it was now starting to get really hot,

584
00:27:40,310 --> 00:27:42,440
and so at that point the electronics

585
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:44,380
is just not working anymore.

586
00:27:44,380 --> 00:27:48,423
Σταματά να επικοινωνεί και να στέλνει σήματα πίσω στη Γη.

587
00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:51,660
Τι έγινε μετά από αυτό;

588
00:27:51,660 --> 00:27:55,213
Well, it was so hot that it basically vaporized.

589
00:27:57,830 --> 00:28:00,210
But let's imagine what it will be like

590
00:28:00,210 --> 00:28:04,416
αν μπορούσες να είσαι πιεσμένη κάψουλα όσο βαθαίνεις.

591
00:28:04,416 --> 00:28:05,400
(βροντή βροντή)

592
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:07,560
I mean, it's either a hang glider's nightmare

593
00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:11,253
ή το όνειρό του ανάλογα με το πόσο ριψοκίνδυνοι θέλουν να είναι.

594
00:28:12,595 --> 00:28:13,900
But as you went deeper and deeper,

595
00:28:13,900 --> 00:28:17,010
θα γινόταν λίγο πιο ήρεμο, λίγο λιγότερο ταραχώδες.

596
00:28:17,010 --> 00:28:19,473
Η πίεση θα γινόταν όλο και μεγαλύτερη.

597
00:28:20,848 --> 00:28:22,873
It's so hot everything's vaporous.

598
00:28:24,450 --> 00:28:25,910
Eventually, you get down to material

599
00:28:25,910 --> 00:28:27,490
που είναι σχεδόν σαν σύννεφα βράχου,

600
00:28:27,490 --> 00:28:30,020
και μάλλον κατακρημνίζονται.

601
00:28:30,020 --> 00:28:34,150
Τώρα όταν κατεβείτε κάτι σαν το 10% της ακτίνας,

602
00:28:34,150 --> 00:28:37,000
φτάνεις τώρα στο σημείο όπου οι πιέσεις

603
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:41,380
είναι περίπου ένα εκατομμύριο φορές η ατμοσφαιρική πίεση της Γης,

604
00:28:41,380 --> 00:28:44,100
και η πυκνότητα γίνεται πολύ υψηλή.

605
00:28:44,100 --> 00:28:48,550
At that point hydrogen changes its phase.

606
00:28:48,550 --> 00:28:50,800
Δεν είναι πια μόρια,

607
00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:53,710
protons and electrons connected together.

608
00:28:53,710 --> 00:28:57,490
Αλλά τα πρωτόνια και τα ηλεκτρόνια κινούνται χωριστά,

609
00:28:57,490 --> 00:28:59,630
και γίνεται μεταλλικό.

610
00:28:59,630 --> 00:29:02,520
That is it becomes electrically conducting.

611
00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:05,480
Σε αυτή την περιοχή μπορείτε να δημιουργήσετε ένα μαγνητικό πεδίο,

612
00:29:05,480 --> 00:29:07,230
αυτό που λέγεται δυναμό.

613
00:29:07,230 --> 00:29:10,530
The fluids convert some of their motional energy

614
00:29:10,530 --> 00:29:13,576
into magnetic field energy, into currents.

615
00:29:13,576 --> 00:29:16,520
(δραματική μουσική)

616
00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:19,060
On Earth the dynamo is very far from us.

617
00:29:19,060 --> 00:29:21,940
Earth's core is halfway through the planet.

618
00:29:21,940 --> 00:29:25,020
Αλλά στον Δία δεν μπαίνεις ούτε στο 10% της διαδρομής,

619
00:29:25,020 --> 00:29:28,600
and you've got this 60,000 kilometer radius ball

620
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:32,241
of molten metallic material.

621
00:29:32,241 --> 00:29:35,690
(δραματική μουσική)

622
00:29:35,690 --> 00:29:37,540
Maybe that means it's not amazing

623
00:29:37,540 --> 00:29:40,640
that you generate a huge magnetic field.

624
00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:43,340
I suspect it would look like Mercury.

625
00:29:43,340 --> 00:29:46,827
Μια σφαίρα του Ερμή είναι αυτό που πιθανότατα θα μοιάζει.

626
00:29:46,827 --> 00:29:48,770
(δραματική μουσική)

627
00:29:48,770 --> 00:29:50,980
If you existed, you would be

628
00:29:50,980 --> 00:29:53,403
unbelievably thin, flat out pancake.

629
00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:57,660
You get to the center of Jupiter we're talking

630
00:29:57,660 --> 00:30:00,720
τέσσερις φορές τη θερμοκρασία της επιφάνειας του Ήλιου,

631
00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:04,040
50 millions atmospheres pressure,

632
00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:07,330
and a density that's denser than the heaviest

633
00:30:07,330 --> 00:30:09,413
metals that we have on Earth.

634
00:30:11,960 --> 00:30:13,490
Τώρα ο ανιχνευτής Galileo

635
00:30:13,490 --> 00:30:15,360
had succeeded with its mission

636
00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:18,630
and subsequently vaporized inside Jupiter,

637
00:30:18,630 --> 00:30:21,430
the mothership had to avoid a similar fate

638
00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:24,280
and insert itself safely into orbit.

639
00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:26,610
Σε αυτό ακριβώς το πρώτο πέρασμα όταν μπαίναμε σε τροχιά,

640
00:30:26,610 --> 00:30:29,280
Galileo received half of its radiation dose,

641
00:30:29,280 --> 00:30:32,340
like a 150 kilo rads in one shot.

642
00:30:32,340 --> 00:30:35,880
Μετά βγήκε πιο έξω και κάπως έγλειψε τις πληγές του.

643
00:30:35,880 --> 00:30:38,850
Because of Galileo having this broken antenna,

644
00:30:38,850 --> 00:30:41,670
σήμαινε ότι δεν μπορούσαμε να κάνουμε όλες τις παρατηρήσεις

645
00:30:41,670 --> 00:30:44,920
του Δία που θέλαμε, τις ταινίες και ούτω καθεξής.

646
00:30:44,920 --> 00:30:46,380
Έπρεπε να είμαστε επιλεκτικοί.

647
00:30:46,380 --> 00:30:47,780
Remembering that we don't wanna get

648
00:30:47,780 --> 00:30:49,660
into the radiation belts too quickly,

649
00:30:49,660 --> 00:30:53,120
so we tended to focus further out first.

650
00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:55,950
The first really exciting thing we found

651
00:30:55,950 --> 00:31:00,420
was Ganymede has its own magnetic field.

652
00:31:00,420 --> 00:31:01,570
Το έβδομο φεγγάρι έξω

653
00:31:01,570 --> 00:31:03,210
from the surface of Jupiter,

654
00:31:03,210 --> 00:31:06,930
Ganymede, is a moon the size of a planet.

655
00:31:06,930 --> 00:31:08,153
Μεγαλύτερο από τον Ερμή,

656
00:31:08,153 --> 00:31:10,800
it's the biggest moon in our solar system.

657
00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:13,610
The fact that Ganymede has a magnetic field,

658
00:31:13,610 --> 00:31:15,890
means that it might have some ability

659
00:31:15,890 --> 00:31:19,280
για να προστατευτεί από την σκληρή ακτινοβολία του Δία,

660
00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:22,603
ένα βασικό χαρακτηριστικό για έναν βιότοπο όπου μπορεί να βρεθεί ζωή.

661
00:31:23,450 --> 00:31:25,280
So now it starts to open up

662
00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:27,963
how we think about even what's a planetary body?

663
00:31:29,480 --> 00:31:32,680
Πόσο διαφορετικά είναι αυτά τα φεγγάρια από άλλους πλανήτες;

664
00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:34,991
They can have their own magnetic field.

665
00:31:34,991 --> 00:31:37,741
(δραματική μουσική)

666
00:31:39,780 --> 00:31:42,060
But now the Galileo spacecraft,

667
00:31:42,060 --> 00:31:45,370
despite its troubles, was about to make arguably

668
00:31:45,370 --> 00:31:49,530
η πιο σημαντική ανακάλυψη στην ιστορία της διαστημικής πτήσης

669
00:31:49,530 --> 00:31:51,600
at the mysterious moon that Voyager

670
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:55,143
had visited 17 years before Europa.

671
00:31:56,846 --> 00:31:58,600
What we measured as we flew by

672
00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:00,360
was something quite remarkable.

673
00:32:00,360 --> 00:32:02,490
There were electrical currents

674
00:32:02,490 --> 00:32:05,140
that were flowing inside the moon

675
00:32:05,140 --> 00:32:07,283
that perturbed the magnetic field,

676
00:32:09,120 --> 00:32:12,403
and we concluded that Europa has to have

677
00:32:12,403 --> 00:32:14,852
a liquid ocean underneath that ice.

678
00:32:14,852 --> 00:32:17,602
(δραματική μουσική)

679
00:32:21,008 --> 00:32:25,120
Ο λόγος είναι ότι ο πάγος δεν είναι πολύ ηλεκτρικά αγώγιμος.

680
00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:29,260
Χρειάζεστε για να υγροποιηθεί ως νερό σε έναν μεγάλο ωκεανό

681
00:32:29,260 --> 00:32:31,293
to carry those electrical currents.

682
00:32:33,080 --> 00:32:35,400
Probably has to have salt in it

683
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:36,510
to be electrically conducting

684
00:32:36,510 --> 00:32:39,000
in the way that the Earth's salty ocean

685
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,080
is electrically conducting.

686
00:32:41,080 --> 00:32:44,220
The reason why we hardly see any craters

687
00:32:44,220 --> 00:32:46,130
on the surface of Europa,

688
00:32:46,130 --> 00:32:48,820
is because that ocean is squirted out

689
00:32:48,820 --> 00:32:51,640
and has filled them in over time.

690
00:32:51,640 --> 00:32:53,860
Όπως η Ιώ, η Ευρώπη,

691
00:32:53,860 --> 00:32:56,380
which is also in an elliptical orbit

692
00:32:56,380 --> 00:32:59,790
gets squeezed and relaxed every two or so days

693
00:32:59,790 --> 00:33:02,350
as it goes around the planet,

694
00:33:02,350 --> 00:33:06,630
διαχέει αυτή τη θερμότητα λιώνοντας αυτό το κέλυφος πάγου.

695
00:33:06,630 --> 00:33:10,420
Πιστεύουμε ότι ο ωκεανός μπορεί να έχει πάχος έως και 100 μίλια

696
00:33:10,420 --> 00:33:11,970
και ίσως και πιο χοντρό.

697
00:33:11,970 --> 00:33:15,740
At the rocky surface at the bottom of the ocean,

698
00:33:15,740 --> 00:33:18,620
I know exactly what it looks like.

699
00:33:18,620 --> 00:33:20,033
Μοιάζει με την Ιώ.

700
00:33:21,990 --> 00:33:25,540
We call those molten volcanoes on Io,

701
00:33:25,540 --> 00:33:28,700
but underneath the ocean in Europa

702
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:31,463
we would call them hydrothermal vents.

703
00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:35,773
Such vents are also found here on Earth.

704
00:33:36,870 --> 00:33:39,870
Those hydrothermal vents form fields.

705
00:33:39,870 --> 00:33:41,640
So it's not just a single chimney.

706
00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:43,760
But there's a field of chimneys, if you like,

707
00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:45,730
and those fields we think on the early Earth,

708
00:33:45,730 --> 00:33:47,360
and potentially on some moons,

709
00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:49,920
could spread across an entire sea floor

710
00:33:49,920 --> 00:33:50,977
the ones we're interested in,

711
00:33:50,977 --> 00:33:52,980
and they are not black smokers,

712
00:33:52,980 --> 00:33:55,220
which are kind of chimneys with black smoke

713
00:33:55,220 --> 00:33:56,710
ρέψιμο από την κορυφή.

714
00:33:56,710 --> 00:33:58,730
It's a different type of vent.

715
00:33:58,730 --> 00:34:03,730
Το υδροθερμικό ρευστό είναι ζεστό, όχι καυτό και αλκαλικό.

716
00:34:03,860 --> 00:34:05,393
They look almost deserted.

717
00:34:06,310 --> 00:34:08,403
But they are chemically active.

718
00:34:09,410 --> 00:34:11,630
You have this kind of porous lathering

719
00:34:11,630 --> 00:34:13,790
sort of interconnected pores.

720
00:34:13,790 --> 00:34:15,580
Sort of hydrogen from the vents

721
00:34:15,580 --> 00:34:17,800
mixing with CO2 from the oceans,

722
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:19,750
making organic molecules.

723
00:34:19,750 --> 00:34:22,800
Here you have a setting which looks an awful lot

724
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:24,820
like the way that modern cells work.

725
00:34:26,820 --> 00:34:29,100
Αυτό το είδος χημείας ήταν σχεδόν σίγουρα πίσω

726
00:34:29,100 --> 00:34:31,121
the origin of life on Earth.

727
00:34:31,121 --> 00:34:33,477
(υγρό sloshing)

728
00:34:33,477 --> 00:34:36,560
(απαλή μουσική για πιάνο)

729
00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:40,780
Όταν κοιτάς την Ευρώπη και κοιτάς τις ρωγμές,

730
00:34:40,780 --> 00:34:42,720
there is this brown gunky stuff

731
00:34:42,720 --> 00:34:45,373
that seems to be coming from the interior.

732
00:34:46,700 --> 00:34:51,090
Αλλά μπορεί επίσης να υπάρχει μια πηγή χημείας

733
00:34:51,090 --> 00:34:53,660
coming from Io, in Io's volcanoes,

734
00:34:53,660 --> 00:34:57,640
impacting the surface of Europa bringing sulfur,

735
00:34:57,640 --> 00:35:01,300
και ίσως το πιο σημαντικό οξυγόνο, στην Ευρώπη,

736
00:35:01,300 --> 00:35:05,050
και αυτό το υλικό στη συνέχεια μεταφέρεται στον ωκεανό,

737
00:35:05,050 --> 00:35:08,240
oxidizing the environment of the ocean,

738
00:35:08,240 --> 00:35:12,510
και ίσως ενισχύοντας τη ζωή που ίσως υπάρχει.

739
00:35:12,510 --> 00:35:14,150
Maybe not, we don't know.

740
00:35:15,250 --> 00:35:18,900
I think that Europa is a place where,

741
00:35:18,900 --> 00:35:20,680
given what we think we know about life,

742
00:35:20,680 --> 00:35:21,650
θα έπρεπε να υπάρχει ζωή.

743
00:35:21,650 --> 00:35:23,760
But it is the most likely place.

744
00:35:23,760 --> 00:35:26,030
If you wanna go somewhere in the solar system,

745
00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:30,156
για να μάθω αν υπάρχει ζωή, εκεί θα έβαζα τα χρήματά μου.

746
00:35:30,156 --> 00:35:33,020
After the incredible discovery at Europa,

747
00:35:33,020 --> 00:35:35,510
the Galileo mission found that Ganymede

748
00:35:35,510 --> 00:35:37,958
also had a sub-surface ocean,

749
00:35:37,958 --> 00:35:39,550
and there's was strong suspicions

750
00:35:39,550 --> 00:35:42,650
that Callisto might contain an ocean as well.

751
00:35:42,650 --> 00:35:44,650
We had no idea that life could exist

752
00:35:44,650 --> 00:35:46,550
anywhere else in our solar system prior to this.

753
00:35:46,550 --> 00:35:48,450
It was just we have life on Earth,

754
00:35:48,450 --> 00:35:50,810
οπότε για να αποκτήσεις ζωή οπουδήποτε αλλού πρέπει να έχεις πλανήτες,

755
00:35:50,810 --> 00:35:53,340
και άλλα αστρικά συστήματα που μοιάζουν ακριβώς με τη Γη.

756
00:35:53,340 --> 00:35:55,330
I think, we're realizing now that there

757
00:35:55,330 --> 00:35:57,880
are other places even within our solar system

758
00:35:57,880 --> 00:36:00,120
that you can have these right ingredients

759
00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:03,160
and have energy and these primordial ingredients

760
00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:06,380
που απαιτείται για να γίνει κάτι σύνθετο

761
00:36:06,380 --> 00:36:08,631
out of randomness, essentially.

762
00:36:08,631 --> 00:36:11,300
(δραματική μουσική)

763
00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:13,820
Galileo made a lot of incredible contributions

764
00:36:13,820 --> 00:36:15,780
to our understanding the whole system

765
00:36:15,780 --> 00:36:18,040
and how it interacts with each other.

766
00:36:18,040 --> 00:36:21,940
Τι πραγματικά συνέβαινε καθώς η Io έφτυσε όλο αυτό το υλικό,

767
00:36:21,940 --> 00:36:23,840
Ganymede had its own magnetic feel.

768
00:36:23,840 --> 00:36:26,150
Europa had an enormous ocean.

769
00:36:26,150 --> 00:36:28,910
But by then we'd kind of done

770
00:36:28,910 --> 00:36:31,260
what we were gonna do with Galileo.

771
00:36:31,260 --> 00:36:32,290
Η ακτινοβολία του Δία

772
00:36:32,290 --> 00:36:34,490
is very, very hard on electronics.

773
00:36:34,490 --> 00:36:35,910
So it upset the spacecraft.

774
00:36:35,910 --> 00:36:38,150
It goes into saving, stops all the sequences,

775
00:36:38,150 --> 00:36:40,470
and you have to restart things.

776
00:36:40,470 --> 00:36:43,710
After having its mission extended three times,

777
00:36:43,710 --> 00:36:46,690
it was eventually decided in 2003

778
00:36:46,690 --> 00:36:50,810
για την απόρριψη του διαστημικού σκάφους που έχει υποστεί ζημιά από τη γήρανση της ακτινοβολίας

779
00:36:50,810 --> 00:36:53,153
by flying it into the clouds of Jupiter.

780
00:36:57,820 --> 00:37:00,130
We learned so much from Galileo.

781
00:37:00,130 --> 00:37:03,380
In fact, it was really the results of Galileo

782
00:37:03,380 --> 00:37:05,090
που μας οδήγησε στο Juno.

783
00:37:05,090 --> 00:37:08,420
Lift off of the Atlas V with Juno

784
00:37:08,420 --> 00:37:10,120
σε ένα ταξίδι στον Δία.

785
00:37:10,120 --> 00:37:12,520
The big question after Galileo

786
00:37:12,520 --> 00:37:15,930
was did not probe just go into somewhere weird

787
00:37:15,930 --> 00:37:20,930
ή η έλλειψη νερού ήταν συμπτωματική για ολόκληρο τον πλανήτη;

788
00:37:21,610 --> 00:37:23,870
Now this is extremely important.

789
00:37:23,870 --> 00:37:25,640
In 30 minutes that it took the probe

790
00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:28,120
to go into Jupiter and get this data,

791
00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:31,720
κάθε θεωρία για το σχηματισμό του ηλιακού συστήματος αποδείχθηκε λανθασμένη.

792
00:37:31,720 --> 00:37:34,960
Επειδή θυμηθείτε πιστεύουμε ότι οι γίγαντες αερίου σχηματίστηκαν έχοντας

793
00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:39,030
γιγάντιες χιονόμπαλες, ας πούμε 30 φορές τη μάζα της Γης,

794
00:37:39,030 --> 00:37:42,660
που τραβούν το υδρογόνο για να κάνουν τους γίγαντες του αερίου.

795
00:37:42,660 --> 00:37:46,040
So at the core we think there was ice.

796
00:37:46,040 --> 00:37:49,000
Yet, when we went in with that probe,

797
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:51,440
we didn't see any or very little.

798
00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:52,460
Τι συμβαίνει λοιπόν;

799
00:37:52,460 --> 00:37:54,020
Όταν λοιπόν ήρθε ο Juno,

800
00:37:54,020 --> 00:37:55,590
one of its primary objectives

801
00:37:55,590 --> 00:37:58,540
was to go in and see how much water

802
00:37:58,540 --> 00:38:00,560
and oxygen is in Jupiter.

803
00:38:00,560 --> 00:38:03,330
We have to go back and find out.

804
00:38:03,330 --> 00:38:05,050
We could send in a 100 probes.

805
00:38:05,050 --> 00:38:07,343
But, that's gonna be expensive and difficult.

806
00:38:08,260 --> 00:38:10,777
We thought of a cleverer way of doing it.

807
00:38:10,777 --> 00:38:12,980
(δραματική μουσική)

808
00:38:12,980 --> 00:38:16,180
Juno was designed in order to make measurements

809
00:38:16,180 --> 00:38:18,860
σχεδόν σε ολόκληρο τον πλανήτη και κοιτάξτε το νερό

810
00:38:18,860 --> 00:38:20,303
παρά σε ένα σημείο,

811
00:38:21,430 --> 00:38:24,913
and to go much deeper remotely not with a probe.

812
00:38:27,610 --> 00:38:31,363
The brilliant idea was to use microwaves.

813
00:38:32,260 --> 00:38:36,423
Όλοι γνωρίζουν ότι τα μικροκύματα απορροφώνται από το νερό.

814
00:38:37,290 --> 00:38:40,860
So what we want to do is fly over Jupiter

815
00:38:40,860 --> 00:38:44,100
and map out the distribution of water

816
00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:46,960
from the absorption of those microwaves.

817
00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:49,800
But to find out what it's like deep inside,

818
00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:52,900
we have to measure distribution of mass inside

819
00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:56,173
που αλλάζει το πεδίο βαρύτητας με κάποιους λεπτούς τρόπους.

820
00:38:57,400 --> 00:38:59,870
To do that we had to go into a polar orbit,

821
00:38:59,870 --> 00:39:02,643
and we also had to get really close.

822
00:39:04,730 --> 00:39:07,440
Now remember we've got a problem with Jupiter.

823
00:39:07,440 --> 00:39:10,160
Jupiter has these radiation belts around it.

824
00:39:10,160 --> 00:39:12,740
Δεν θέλετε πραγματικά να πάρετε τα ευαίσθητα ηλεκτρονικά σας

825
00:39:12,740 --> 00:39:15,120
of your spacecraft through that environment,

826
00:39:15,120 --> 00:39:16,253
τουλάχιστον όχι για πολύ.

827
00:39:18,010 --> 00:39:21,250
Έπρεπε με κάποιο τρόπο να μπούμε κάτω από τη ζώνη ακτινοβολίας.

828
00:39:21,250 --> 00:39:23,355
If we can just thread that needle.

829
00:39:23,355 --> 00:39:26,530
(δραματική μουσική)

830
00:39:26,530 --> 00:39:28,680
Απλώς προσευχόμουν με κλειστά μάτια

831
00:39:29,610 --> 00:39:31,053
ότι αυτό θα λειτουργούσε.

832
00:39:32,570 --> 00:39:36,360
Φτάναμε μερικές χιλιάδες μίλια πάνω από τις κορυφές των σύννεφων

833
00:39:36,360 --> 00:39:38,010
when we were doing this maneuver.

834
00:39:38,960 --> 00:39:40,883
Nothing had ever been that close.

835
00:39:43,235 --> 00:39:44,413
Βάλτε φωτιά στις μηχανές.

836
00:39:45,780 --> 00:39:47,130
Πήγαινε κεφάλι τώρα.

837
00:39:47,130 --> 00:39:49,353
Yeah, we see the action has started.

838
00:39:49,353 --> 00:39:50,881
Copy that, that's good news for us.

839
00:39:50,881 --> 00:39:51,870
(ο κόσμος χειροκροτεί)
Τριάντα πέντε λεπτά

840
00:39:51,870 --> 00:39:54,543
they're firing away slowing down the spacecraft,

841
00:39:55,470 --> 00:39:57,605
so it gets caught in Jupiter's gravity.

842
00:39:57,605 --> 00:40:00,355
(δραματική μουσική)

843
00:40:03,580 --> 00:40:08,580
Και όταν μάθουμε ότι το διαστημόπλοιο είναι ζωντανό, φευ, μεγάλη ανακούφιση.

844
00:40:09,829 --> 00:40:12,609
(people applauding and cheering)

845
00:40:12,609 --> 00:40:15,235
Juno καλωσόρισες στον Δία.

846
00:40:15,235 --> 00:40:17,344
(δραματική μουσική)

847
00:40:17,344 --> 00:40:18,969
Η NASA το έκανε ξανά.

848
00:40:18,969 --> 00:40:22,969
(crowd applauding and cheering)

849
00:40:27,087 --> 00:40:29,220
You know the thing that was also sobering

850
00:40:29,220 --> 00:40:32,360
was we were coming back, this was our game plan.

851
00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:33,950
Every orbit we were gonna have to

852
00:40:33,950 --> 00:40:36,000
run through that fire with our bare feet.

853
00:40:37,350 --> 00:40:40,710
Juno carried a camera called Juno cam

854
00:40:40,710 --> 00:40:44,520
έχει σχεδιαστεί για να παρέχει φωτογραφίες στο κοινό πίσω στη Γη.

855
00:40:44,520 --> 00:40:48,580
Αλλά αυτές οι εικόνες αποκαλύπτουν μια μεγάλη έκπληξη.

856
00:40:48,580 --> 00:40:52,350
Η άποψή μας για τον Δία πριν από τον Juno ήταν από τον ισημερινό.

857
00:40:52,350 --> 00:40:56,620
Έτσι, όταν ο Juno πετάει πάνω από τους πόλους και κοιτάζει κάτω,

858
00:40:56,620 --> 00:41:00,970
και εκεί βλέπουμε αυτές τις δίνες, όλη αυτή τη δομή,

859
00:41:00,970 --> 00:41:02,780
είναι απλά εξαιρετικό.

860
00:41:02,780 --> 00:41:05,530
(δραματική μουσική)

861
00:41:06,560 --> 00:41:10,870
Η κάμερα Juno έκανε αυτή τη μικρή κάμερα που μόλις χτύπησε

862
00:41:10,870 --> 00:41:13,220
to get some publicity photos

863
00:41:13,220 --> 00:41:16,193
has turned out to be just extraordinary.

864
00:41:18,070 --> 00:41:19,970
I'd love to say that I figured this out

865
00:41:19,970 --> 00:41:20,900
και το έκανε επίτηδες,

866
00:41:20,900 --> 00:41:23,570
but really what I wanted was a great picture.

867
00:41:23,570 --> 00:41:25,750
Little did we know that the poles of Jupiter

868
00:41:25,750 --> 00:41:29,340
θα γινόταν από μόνη της αυτή η τεράστια ανακάλυψη της επιστήμης.

869
00:41:29,340 --> 00:41:32,643
Giant polar cyclones nobody anticipated that.

870
00:41:34,210 --> 00:41:37,510
Με τη βοήθεια των πολιτών επιστημόνων σε όλο τον κόσμο

871
00:41:37,510 --> 00:41:39,610
helping us process those images

872
00:41:39,610 --> 00:41:43,080
we are seeing all sorts of little structures,

873
00:41:43,080 --> 00:41:45,040
and pop up you clouds.

874
00:41:45,040 --> 00:41:47,835
Nobody expected that level of detail.

875
00:41:47,835 --> 00:41:50,440
(δραματική μουσική)

876
00:41:50,440 --> 00:41:52,260
When we fly in close measuring

877
00:41:52,260 --> 00:41:54,830
the perturbations in Juno's motion,

878
00:41:54,830 --> 00:41:57,643
αρχίζουμε να έχουμε μια αίσθηση του πώς είναι μέσα.

879
00:41:59,270 --> 00:42:00,940
What we're finding is that

880
00:42:00,940 --> 00:42:02,840
it's not like the textbook picture

881
00:42:02,840 --> 00:42:06,680
where you have a metal rock core inside

882
00:42:06,680 --> 00:42:11,080
και μετά ένα στρώμα υδρογόνου και μετά ένα στρώμα αερίου από πάνω.

883
00:42:11,080 --> 00:42:13,310
It's much fuzzier, much more mixed up,

884
00:42:13,310 --> 00:42:14,920
and so, in fact, that core

885
00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:17,960
is spread out to about 40% of the radius.

886
00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:20,603
It's mixed in with the metallic hydrogen.

887
00:42:21,770 --> 00:42:24,700
Αρχίζετε να βλέπετε ότι το σύστημα μεταφοράς

888
00:42:24,700 --> 00:42:27,780
we see on the outside extend a long way in.

889
00:42:27,780 --> 00:42:29,811
They're much, much deeper.

890
00:42:29,811 --> 00:42:33,144
(απαλή δραματική μουσική)

891
00:42:34,530 --> 00:42:38,410
But what Juno has not yet been able to explain

892
00:42:38,410 --> 00:42:40,140
είναι αυτό που οδηγεί τους πίδακες;

893
00:42:40,140 --> 00:42:42,620
It might be that turbulence

894
00:42:42,620 --> 00:42:44,700
at the surface drives these jets,

895
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:47,275
and then the jets burrow down into the depths.

896
00:42:47,275 --> 00:42:49,110
(δραματική μουσική)

897
00:42:49,110 --> 00:42:51,180
But with Jupiter so much heat is coming

898
00:42:51,180 --> 00:42:52,690
out of the interior of the planet,

899
00:42:52,690 --> 00:42:55,960
ότι ίσως οι πίδακες οδηγούνται από βαθιές κινήσεις,

900
00:42:55,960 --> 00:42:57,620
and it's their surface expression

901
00:42:57,620 --> 00:42:59,220
that we're seeing about the top.

902
00:43:00,550 --> 00:43:02,790
There's probably something deep down

903
00:43:02,790 --> 00:43:06,343
is driving a lot of motion inside of Jupiter.

904
00:43:07,240 --> 00:43:10,080
We're beginning to think about that region

905
00:43:10,080 --> 00:43:12,240
where hydrogen becomes metallic

906
00:43:12,240 --> 00:43:15,366
that generates this strong magnetic field.

907
00:43:15,366 --> 00:43:18,640
Το μαγνητικό πεδίο πιθανώς κινεί τα πράγματα.

908
00:43:18,640 --> 00:43:21,790
Οδηγώντας συναγωγή και δίνες και κάθε είδους κίνηση,

909
00:43:21,790 --> 00:43:24,360
and so somewhere there's a balancing act.

910
00:43:24,360 --> 00:43:26,520
The stuff that's coming in from the top

911
00:43:26,520 --> 00:43:29,100
συναντά τα πράγματα που έρχονται από τα κάτω,

912
00:43:29,100 --> 00:43:31,023
and all hell breaks lose.

913
00:43:32,060 --> 00:43:33,030
Ποια είναι η σωστή απάντηση;

914
00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:35,130
Δεν γνωρίζουμε ακόμη.

915
00:43:35,130 --> 00:43:36,720
Ανοιχτή ερώτηση.

916
00:43:36,720 --> 00:43:39,430
One of the great questions for me

917
00:43:39,430 --> 00:43:42,823
ως επιστήμονας που κοιτάζει τον Δία και μελετά τον Δία.

918
00:43:44,420 --> 00:43:47,090
Κανείς δεν ξέρει πραγματικά με σιγουριά τι κάνει τα χρώματα

919
00:43:47,090 --> 00:43:49,060
in Jupiter's zones and belts.

920
00:43:49,060 --> 00:43:50,870
We see all these oranges and reds

921
00:43:50,870 --> 00:43:53,430
and beautiful yellows and browns.

922
00:43:53,430 --> 00:43:56,710
Io spewing out tons of sulfur among other things

923
00:43:56,710 --> 00:43:58,063
γιατί είναι ηφαιστειακό.

924
00:43:59,210 --> 00:44:01,620
Models sort of indicate to us that

925
00:44:01,620 --> 00:44:04,590
as I radioactively change sulfur,

926
00:44:04,590 --> 00:44:06,630
it can make these reddish hues,

927
00:44:06,630 --> 00:44:09,970
and so Io may have had a huge effect

928
00:44:09,970 --> 00:44:12,400
on the way Jupiter appears to us.

929
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:14,360
But it's producing a lot of material

930
00:44:14,360 --> 00:44:16,080
that's definitely going into Jupiter,

931
00:44:16,080 --> 00:44:17,800
and it may be part of the reason that Jupiter

932
00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:19,723
is this incredibly beautiful object.

933
00:44:21,380 --> 00:44:24,480
So in many ways the combination of Io

934
00:44:24,480 --> 00:44:28,030
και τα ηφαίστειά του με το ισχυρό μαγνητικό πεδίο του Δία,

935
00:44:28,030 --> 00:44:32,044
είναι πραγματικά στον πυρήνα ενός κινητήρα ή μιας γεννήτριας.

936
00:44:32,044 --> 00:44:37,044
(χαμηλό βουητό)
(δραματική μουσική)

937
00:44:39,980 --> 00:44:42,180
(απαλή μουσική)

938
00:44:42,180 --> 00:44:44,420
When we laid out the objectives of Juno,

939
00:44:44,420 --> 00:44:46,620
it was to go sort of figure out the puzzles

940
00:44:46,620 --> 00:44:48,720
of what it was made out of and how it formed.

941
00:44:48,720 --> 00:44:51,097
Κανείς δεν σκέφτηκε πραγματικά την ιδέα ότι θα πάμε εκεί,

942
00:44:51,097 --> 00:44:53,090
and the entire structure was gonna be

943
00:44:53,090 --> 00:44:54,752
different than we thought.

944
00:44:54,752 --> 00:44:57,250
(απαλή μουσική)

945
00:44:57,250 --> 00:45:00,500
It may be that we've been a bit naive.

946
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:03,050
Ότι αν ο Δίας μπορούσε να μας πετάξει τόσες μπάλες καμπύλης,

947
00:45:03,050 --> 00:45:06,130
that our ideas of how stars worked

948
00:45:06,130 --> 00:45:07,650
could be kind of wrong too.

949
00:45:07,650 --> 00:45:09,140
I mean, there's even more energy,

950
00:45:09,140 --> 00:45:10,640
and they're even more massive.

951
00:45:12,760 --> 00:45:15,170
Astronomers have looked out and seen many stars,

952
00:45:15,170 --> 00:45:17,080
right, billions, and billions.

953
00:45:17,080 --> 00:45:19,690
Many of those are binary systems,

954
00:45:19,690 --> 00:45:21,990
two stars going around each other.

955
00:45:21,990 --> 00:45:24,870
Sometimes there's a big star and a little star.

956
00:45:24,870 --> 00:45:27,950
Ίσως ένα αστέρι που έχει μόνο ένα μικρό κομμάτι σύντηξης μέσα

957
00:45:27,950 --> 00:45:29,050
σαν καφέ νάνος.

958
00:45:29,050 --> 00:45:31,360
In our case and many others we've seen

959
00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:34,370
where we have a star and a planetary system,

960
00:45:34,370 --> 00:45:37,800
the biggest planet does not have enough mass

961
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:40,370
to have a fusion reaction inside.

962
00:45:40,370 --> 00:45:42,210
So let's think of our solar system

963
00:45:42,210 --> 00:45:44,310
where we have the sun and we have Jupiter.

964
00:45:45,380 --> 00:45:49,620
Jupiter is 1/1000th the volume

965
00:45:49,620 --> 00:45:52,480
and 1/1000th the mass of the sun,

966
00:45:52,480 --> 00:45:56,040
and so it's too small to have fusion inside.

967
00:45:56,040 --> 00:45:58,350
Είναι ένα αποτυχημένο αστέρι.

968
00:45:58,350 --> 00:46:00,673
But it's a very successful planet.

969
00:46:02,002 --> 00:46:04,752
(δραματική μουσική)

970
00:46:07,970 --> 00:46:10,310
Juno continues to explore Jupiter

971
00:46:11,180 --> 00:46:13,970
diving beneath the lethal radiation belt

972
00:46:13,970 --> 00:46:15,990
σε κάθε τολμηρή τροχιά,

973
00:46:15,990 --> 00:46:19,100
and each time we learn a little more about

974
00:46:19,100 --> 00:46:21,473
the greatest planet in the solar system.

975
00:46:23,270 --> 00:46:27,403
Αλλά έχουμε ημιτελή δουλειά με μερικά από τα φεγγάρια του.

976
00:46:29,040 --> 00:46:32,170
JUICE is the next major exploration mission

977
00:46:32,170 --> 00:46:33,693
for the European space agency.

978
00:46:34,750 --> 00:46:37,223
Jupiter, icy moons, explorer.

979
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:40,290
Its sole purpose is to go to Jupiter

980
00:46:40,290 --> 00:46:42,023
and explore the icy moons.

981
00:46:44,310 --> 00:46:46,330
The main aim is really to try and understand

982
00:46:46,330 --> 00:46:48,380
what they look like below the surface,

983
00:46:48,380 --> 00:46:50,610
how thick is the ice layer,

984
00:46:50,610 --> 00:46:53,270
how deep is the subsurface ocean.

985
00:46:53,270 --> 00:46:56,440
Η NASA χρηματοδοτεί μια αποστολή που ονομάζεται Europa Clipper,

986
00:46:56,440 --> 00:46:59,600
which will take a number of flybys of Europa

987
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:01,730
to try and get a deeper investigation

988
00:47:01,730 --> 00:47:03,410
of what might be happening on the surface,

989
00:47:03,410 --> 00:47:05,100
even a basic understanding of some

990
00:47:05,100 --> 00:47:06,750
of the chemistry that might be there,

991
00:47:06,750 --> 00:47:09,300
in preparation for investigations yet to come

992
00:47:09,300 --> 00:47:10,630
getting down to the oceans.

993
00:47:10,630 --> 00:47:12,630
For places like Europa, Ganymede,

994
00:47:12,630 --> 00:47:15,850
getting below the ice layer is the holy grail.

995
00:47:15,850 --> 00:47:18,290
Getting into that subsurface ocean

996
00:47:18,290 --> 00:47:19,460
that is a whole new frontier,

997
00:47:19,460 --> 00:47:21,250
and that will be a fascinating thing

998
00:47:21,250 --> 00:47:23,157
if we can ever achieve that.

999
00:47:23,157 --> 00:47:24,740
Well, the first challenge you have

1000
00:47:24,740 --> 00:47:27,340
is actually getting down through the ice.

1001
00:47:27,340 --> 00:47:30,480
Ενώ οι άνθρωποι έχουν μιλήσει για ασκήσεις και άλλα τέτοια πράγματα,

1002
00:47:30,480 --> 00:47:32,510
we wanna reduce this 20-kilometers of ice

1003
00:47:32,510 --> 00:47:34,050
όσο το δυνατόν,

1004
00:47:34,050 --> 00:47:36,280
and so we've built submersibles

1005
00:47:36,280 --> 00:47:39,810
που μπορεί πραγματικά να πλοηγηθεί μέσα από σήραγγες και φαράγγια

1006
00:47:39,810 --> 00:47:42,170
για να μπορέσουν να προσπαθήσουν και να κάνουν το δρόμο τους προς τα κάτω ίσως

1007
00:47:42,170 --> 00:47:45,000
αυτές οι ανοιχτές σχισμές όσο το δυνατόν πιο κοντά στο νερό.

1008
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:47,200
Now if we can get into the water itself,

1009
00:47:47,200 --> 00:47:50,200
Κατασκευάσαμε ένα πλευστό ρόβερ που περνάει κάτω από τον πάγο

1010
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:53,330
και επιπλέει ώστε να οδηγεί στην κάτω πλευρά του πάγου

1011
00:47:53,330 --> 00:47:56,000
exactly at that ice water boundary on there

1012
00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:58,760
by turning the camera to look up at the microbes

1013
00:47:58,760 --> 00:48:01,380
που μπορεί να βρούμε εκεί στην κάτω πλευρά του πάγου.

1014
00:48:01,380 --> 00:48:03,880
Then we've been working on deep ocean vessels

1015
00:48:03,880 --> 00:48:05,560
where we hope to go down to the bottom

1016
00:48:05,560 --> 00:48:07,210
του ωκεανού στην Ευρώπη,

1017
00:48:07,210 --> 00:48:09,470
and then bring back samples to us

1018
00:48:09,470 --> 00:48:12,600
του τι μπορεί να βρίσκεται κάτω στον πάτο του ωκεανού.

1019
00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:15,550
JUICE doesn't launch till 2022.

1020
00:48:15,550 --> 00:48:18,860
It's not gonna get there until 2030.

1021
00:48:18,860 --> 00:48:21,970
Στα μέσα της δεκαετίας του 2020 ελπίζουμε να κυκλοφορήσουμε το Europa Clipper.

1022
00:48:21,970 --> 00:48:26,281
Μετά από ένα ταξίδι 67 ετών θα φτάσουμε στον ίδιο τον Δία.

1023
00:48:26,281 --> 00:48:27,580
(δραματική μουσική)

1024
00:48:27,580 --> 00:48:29,850
Some of the people already working on it now

1025
00:48:29,850 --> 00:48:31,180
θα έχει συνταξιοδοτηθεί.

1026
00:48:31,180 --> 00:48:33,010
Some will probably have passed away.

1027
00:48:33,010 --> 00:48:34,750
What I love about it is that there's this

1028
00:48:34,750 --> 00:48:36,810
generational feeling to it.

1029
00:48:36,810 --> 00:48:38,550
By the time we get the data,

1030
00:48:38,550 --> 00:48:40,190
there will be another generation

1031
00:48:40,190 --> 00:48:41,720
of scientists looking at it.

1032
00:48:41,720 --> 00:48:44,290
There is an immense opportunity

1033
00:48:44,290 --> 00:48:46,880
for us to find the first signs of life

1034
00:48:46,880 --> 00:48:50,860
beyond our world in these warm, watery,

1035
00:48:50,860 --> 00:48:54,200
rich environments that we are just beginning

1036
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:56,023
to see that we can even access.

1037
00:48:56,980 --> 00:48:58,060
The rovers that we're developing

1038
00:48:58,060 --> 00:48:59,670
and that are testing here on Earth

1039
00:48:59,670 --> 00:49:02,950
are only the ancestors, the far ancestors,

1040
00:49:02,950 --> 00:49:05,431
of what we might eventually send there.

1041
00:49:05,431 --> 00:49:06,860
(δραματική μουσική)

1042
00:49:06,860 --> 00:49:09,730
So, perhaps one day we'll discover life

1043
00:49:09,730 --> 00:49:11,760
που μένει κάτω από τον πάγο,

1044
00:49:11,760 --> 00:49:14,630
a precious habitat thriving despite

1045
00:49:14,630 --> 00:49:17,230
the brutal radioactive environment

1046
00:49:17,230 --> 00:49:19,690
in the shadow of the mightiest planet

1047
00:49:19,690 --> 00:49:22,083
in our solar system: Jupiter.

1048
00:49:27,319 --> 00:49:30,069
(δραματική μουσική)